Moral, Ethical, And Ethical Theories - 980 Words

Moral and Ethical theories often conflict with one another. It is hardly ever true that both theories agree with one another. Same is the case for Jean and Pierre. Following the four basic principles of Act Utilitarianism, Rule Utilitarianism, Social Contract Theory, and Kantianism his actions will be discussed in the following paper. Examining his actions, he was in favor of following the moral instinct of Utilitarianism more than any other theory. Rule utilitarianism is a branch of utilitarianism that suggests an action is ethical if it follows the rule of greatest good. It is a moral rule that most people follow due to its greater benefits. It is a rule to judges people based on their actions, which follow the universal moral principles to result in greatest happiness. In this scenario, Jean’s actions are judged which involves hacking into the networking system, impersonating a doctor, and saving his nephew’s life. Of all these three acts saving the life of child provides the greatest good. Although, his act in unethical, but his pure intentions and the severity of allergic reaction makes it morally ethical to breach network security and prescribe a drug by impersonating a doctor. Therefore, I believe rule utilitarianism provides a moral obligation to save a life of a child over hacking into the networking systems and following the laws. Similarly, act utilitarianism is another branch of utilitarianism stating that a person’s act is morally correct if the totalShow MoreRelatedEthical, Moral And Moral Theory942 Words   |  4 Pages The ethical reflections taught in this course, have generated awareness in to our own ethical reasoning allowing us to focus morality on our own lives. The ethical pluralism that is referred to by the title of our text helps to examine the various aspects of our own ethical moral theory. Ethical moral theory dominates our lives on a daily basis. Determining actions we consider being right or wrong depending on the availability of the situation. But, as situations vary, so does the reasoning behindRead MoreEthical Egoism as Moral Theory Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesframework, ethical egoism fails as a moral theory to assist moral decision making because it endorses the animalistic nature of humanity, fails to provide a viable solution to a conflict of interest, and is proved to be an evolutionary unstable moral strategy. Outline: Ethical egoism claims that all our actions can be reduced to self-interest. This is a controversial moral theory which sometimes can be detrimental. Without a well-defined framework of the nature of self-interest, ethical egoismRead MoreThe Ethical Theories Of Utilitarianism And Deontological Morals2353 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction This document will introduce two noteworthy ethical frameworks which are validated instrumental in the development of business ethics and which include an extremely rational significance in assessing ethical concerns in contemporary business: Utilitarianism and deontological morals (Hartman, L., 2017). Part A: Comparison/contrast the ethical theories of Utilitarianism and Kantian The first ethical tradition is Utilitarianism, an ethical hypothesis constructed and cultivated in the contemporaryRead MoreThe Ethical Theories Of Utilitarianism And Deontological Morals1917 Words   |  8 Pagesa philosophical rationalization for an ethical conclusion, while â€Å"you should donate to disaster relief since God demands it, or as it will generate heavenly rewards to you† are religious as opposed to philosophical rationalizations (Hartman, L., 2017). This document will introduce two noteworthy ethical frameworks which are validated instrumental in the development of business ethics and which include an extremely rational significance in assessing ethical concerns in contemporary business: UtilitarianismRead MoreEthical Theories And Deontological Moral Theories2001 Words   |  9 PagesRichard Greene Term Paper In this paper I will address the questions of what are consequentialist moral theories and deontological moral theories. I will also gear my attention to the best known theorist for both respected parties. After doing that, I will show the key difference in consequentialist and deontological overall theories. Furthermore, I will also give my opinion on which theorist and theory I feel most compelled to side with. I will first introduce you to the idea of normative ethicsRead MoreEthical Egoism Provides A Satisfactory Moral Theory1244 Words   |  5 PagesBelieve that Ethical Egoism Provides a Satisfactory Moral Theory? Ethical egoism is a position according to which every person takes care of themselves. According to ethical egoists, personal welfare should be the ultimate goal and as such, solely and exclusively focus on pursuit of self-interests. It prescribes a way in which people ought to behave morally. It also argues that maximization of personal interest is an important issue. Other people s welfare does not matter when making a moral judgmentRead More Ethical Theories  and Major Moral Principles Essay5111 Words   |  21 Pagesthing about ethical theory, however, is not that there are so many theories, but that there are really very few. Most of contemporary ethical theory is governed by two basic theories, with an additional five or six theories taking up the vast majority of the rest of the discussion. Over the course of the next few pages I will explain to you the basics of eight different ethical theories: utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, contractarianism, feminist or care-based ethic s, natural law theory, ConfucianRead MoreEthical Theories Supporting Different Moral Perspectives Of Human Actions871 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction There are numerous ethical theories supporting different moral perspectives of human actions. The various theories differ according to the way in which they require people to act, and in their fundamental arguments. Because of different perspectives and philosophical views, no ethical theory can be said to be superior to the other. The paper that follows describes and defends the ethical theory of utilitarianism. Reasons why Utilitarianism is the Correct Ethical Theory i. It reinforces rationalityRead MoreMoral Wisdom Seems to Be as Little Connected to Knowledge of Ethical Theory as Playing Good Tennis Is to Knowledge of Physics (Emrys Westacott). to What Extent Should Our Actions Be Guided by Our Theories in Ethics and Elsewhere?1737 Words   |  7 PagesMoral wisdom seems to be as little connected to knowledge of ethical theory as playing good tennis is to knowledge of physics (Emrys Westacott). To what extent should our actions be guided by our theories in ethics and elsewhere? The question is with regards to whether moral reasoning is more accurate compared to the -theory-based knowledge of science. I think that ethical theory should be used for our moral conduct while the sciences should be used in other areas of knowledge instead. ThusRead MoreThe Average Individual s Ethical Outlook1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe Average Individual’s Ethical Outlook Moral theory provides multiple schools of thought, all attempting to solve moral problems in a manner in which the ethicist in question sees best. These conflicting schools of thought have led to multiple types of ethical theories that can be used to solve a variety of ethical issues, from those that are severe, to those, which are seamlessly day-to-day dilemmas. Chappell proposes a proposes a new way of ethical decision making in way that allows people to

The Legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay - 2170 Words

People do not acknowledge the struggles that African Americans had to endure for them to be treated equally, the way a true American is supposed to be treated. One of the ways they were not treated equally was by not being able to participate in sports with whites. From the beginning of our nation, colored people were highly disrespected and treated as if they were some type of animals, which have no say in what happens to them. They were not given any opportunities and were treated harshly because their skin color was different. Whites were able to practically do anything they wanted, unlike blacks, who were racially discriminated or beaten for no apparent reason. African Americans were among the worst treated races in the US; however,†¦show more content†¦His elementary teacher in school said he was destined to be a gardener. Robinson never cared what people that didn’t have any hope for him and tried to make him feel inferior would say to him which made him strong. (Early Life) Jackie believed that God had plans for him that were beyond what anyone would have thought. In 1942 more than ten years before the famous Rosa Parks incident happened, Jackie was involved in a similar conflict. He was told by an officer to leave his seat on the white section of the bus and move to the back of the bus but Jackie refused. The scene quickly escalated but Jackie stood still and refused to answer to the officer. This resulted in a court trial for Robinson, who was facing dishonorable discharge. He fought in court and proved that what happened was a violation against the segregation code of the army and won this case. This led for him to leave the army without this incident on his record. His way of acting against racism was a strong part of his personality, a part that people will see never die. He used his talent which is his amazing athletic ability to reach the pinnacle of where he was trying to be. When it came to sports it did not take long to realize that Jackie was extremely gifted. In College at UCLA Jackie excelled in sports more than anyone else. (SABR) He played baseball, basketball, football, and track, and was the only player in UCLA history toShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1874 Words   |  8 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. I will discuss how his leadership has impacted both America as a whole and the United States Army, as well as how Dr. King has influenced my own life as a Soldier, Military Intelligence professional, and leader. The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., embodied many of the attributes that we look for in Army leaders today. Dr. King lived a life characterized by moral courage, selfless service, respect for everybodyRead MoreEssay on Leadership Skills of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.823 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Abstract This paper will analyze and study the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King and how leadership skills helped him in accomplishing his goals. The characteristics that made Dr. King a great leader will also be addressed. By studying great leaders, insight can be gained into what qualities they possess. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a vital figure of the modern era. His lectures and dialogues stirred the concern and sparked theRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is unarguably the most famous civil rights900 Words   |  4 Pages Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is unarguably the most famous civil rights activist in American history. His story and legacy is taught in classrooms across the country. From birth to death, Dr. King impacted the lives of many people and changed the roles of society forever. Dr. King had one big dream and what shaped his dream begins in Atlanta,, Georgia, and ends in Memphis, Tennessee. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born into a loving and caring family on January 15, 1929 inRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr., A Political Icon Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause they and their accomplishments have forever changed society and the world. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of those individuals. Martin Luther Kings contributions to history place him in this inimitable position. One of the great figures in the march of human history, Martin Luther King Jr., like Gandhi before him, lived by a heroic credo of non-violence. More than two decades since his death, Martin Luther King ideas; his call for racial equality, his faith in the ultimate triumph of justiceRead MoreLeading Organizational Change Essay841 Words   |  4 Pagesexact. That state agency is the State of Arkansas Martin Luther King, Jr. Commission. â€Å"The Arkansas Martin Luther King, Jr. Commission is a state organization empowered to serve all Arkansans. It was created in 1993 by Act 1216 of the Arkansas General Assembly to promote the legacy and philosophy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.† (AMLKC) The newly-established Martin Luther King Jr. Commission†¦exists to promote the teachings and legacy of Dr. King. (Jet) Its presence illustrates Arkansas’ goal ofRead More Dr. Martin Luther King’s Why We Cant Wait Essay531 Words   |  3 PagesDr. Martin Luther King’s Why We Cant Wait While reading Dr. King’s novel, I was able to get an uncensored idea of what African Americans went through in their struggle for civil rights. I cannot comprehend the extent to which they suffered while protesting, and it would be ignorant of me to think that I could understand. The many people who fought with Martin Luther King, Jr. for civil rights understand something about this country that I am only beginning to discover. I can only hope thisRead MoreEssay on MLK and Malcolm X1279 Words   |  6 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were very influential civil rights advocates during the nineteen-fifties and nineteen-sixties, and continue to have an influence on people today. However, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X have quite different legacies, of which are based on quite different philosophies and tactics. To understand why Dr. King and Malcolm X had drastically different thoughts and approaches to civil rights in the United States, their lives must also be looked at — as theirRead More Martin Luther King Jr. Essay637 Words   |  3 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. was perhaps one of the most influential person of our time. As the father of modern civil rights movement, Dr.Martin Luther king, Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom and peace. Born January 15, 1929, King was the son of an Atlanta pastor. King accomplished many achievements during his life. He graduated from Morehouse as a minister in 1948 and went on to Crozer Theological seminary in Chester, Pa., where he earned a divinity degree. After that KingRead MoreSimilarities Between Bill Gates and Martin Luther King Jr1039 Words   |  4 Pagescapitalist extraordinaire and revered technologist, and Martin Luther King Jr., who is principally acclaimed for his contribution to the Civil Rights Movement. Still, it would not be inaccurate to state that both men substantially changed the nature of the United States in their respective times. Additionally, Gates retirement from day-to-day activities at Microsoft for a career in philanthropy are more aligned with the sort of altruism for which King Jr. is principally famous. Perhaps the chief similarityRead MoreThe Era Of Freedom : A Generation After The Emancipation Proclamation1599 Words   |  7 Pagesthat every African American faced on a daily bases, was one of the greatest events that took a step into a direction that no one would ve imagined during the 1950s. Many activist made themselves known during the movement, activists such as Martin Luther King Jr. Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, just to name a few, were key players in the advancement of the movement, but who was responsible for the being the spark that jump started the entire Civil Rights Movement, and the events that followed. The answer may

Summary of the Biography of Edgar Allan Poe Free Essays

Biography of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. That makes him Capricorn, on the cusp of Aquarius. When Poe was 6, he went to school in England for 5 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the Biography of Edgar Allan Poe or any similar topic only for you Order Now He learned Latin and French, as well as math and history. He later returned to school in America and continued his studies. Edgar Allan went to the University of Virginia in 1826. He was 17. Edgar Allan had no money, no job skills, Edgar went to Boston and joined the U. S. Army in 1827. He was 18. He did reasonably well in the Army and attained the rank of sergeant major. In 1831, Edgar Allan Poe went to New York City where he had some of his poetry published. He submitted stories to a number of magazines and they were all rejected. Poe had no friends, no job, and was in financial trouble. In 1835, Edgar finally got a job as an editor of a newspaper because of a contest he won with his story, â€Å"The Manuscript Found in a Bottle†. Edgar missed Mrs. Clemm and Virginia and brought them to Richmond to live with him. In 1836, Edgar married his cousin, Virginia. He was 27 and she was 13. As the editor for the Southern Literary Messenger, Poe successfully managed the paper and increased its circulation from 500 to 3500 copies. Despite this, Poe left the paper in early 1836, complaining of the poor salary. In 1837, Edgar went to New York. He wrote â€Å"The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym† but he could not find any financial success. He moved to Philadelphia in 1838 where he wrote â€Å"Ligeia† and â€Å"The Haunted Palace†. His first volume of short stories, â€Å"Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque† was published in 1839. Poe received the copyright and 20 copies of the book, but no money. Poe found himself without a regular job once again. He tried to start a magazine called The Stylus and failed. He won a hundred dollars for his story, â€Å"The Gold Bug† and sold a few other stories to magazines but he barely had enough money to support his family. Often, Mrs. Clemm had to contribute financially. In 1844, Poe moved back to New York. Even though â€Å"The Gold Bug† had a circulation of around 300,000 copies, he could barely make a living. He and his family moved to a small cottage near what is now East 192nd Street. Virginia’s health was fading away and Edgar was deeply distressed by it. Virginia died in 1847, 10 days after Edgar’s birthday. After losing his wife, Poe collapsed from stress but gradually returned to health later that year. On September 27, Poe left Richmond for New York. He went to Philadelphia and stayed with a friend named James P. Moss. On September 30, he meant to go to New York but supposedly took the wrong train to Baltimore. On October 3, Poe was found at Gunner’s Hall, a public house at 44 East Lombard Street, and was taken to the hospital. He lapsed in and out of consciousness but was never able to explain exactly what happened to him. Edgar Allan Poe died in the hospital on Sunday, October 7, 1849. Quotes from Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"It will be found, in fact, that the ingenious are always fanciful, and the truly imaginative never otherwise than analytic. † – from â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue† â€Å"It is more than probable that I am not understood; but I fear, indeed, that it is in no manner possible to convey to the mind of the merely general reader, an adequate idea of that nervous intensity of interest with which, in my case, the powers of meditation (not to speak technically) busied and buried themselves, in the contemplation of even the most ordinary objects of the universe. † – from â€Å"Berenice† How to cite Summary of the Biography of Edgar Allan Poe, Essay examples

Analysis Of The Underlying Social Psychology Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of The Underlying Social Psychology Essay of the HolocaustMarch 9, 2000The hate and prejudice that began the Holocaust went hand in hand with a political agenda that was fueled by the frustration aggression theory.(1) Hitler blamed the Jews for the loss of World War I and thus, instead of targeting political aspects of the Jewish community, he displaced his aggression towards ALL Jews, even the helpless. This, combined with religious anti-Semitism prejudice that had been present in Germany for 1500 years and the theory of eugenics, was the political and instrumental center of Hitlers political campaign.(5) He used a system of elimination of freedom, which he felt was necessary in the conditioning the German people to follow him. This meant that he would slowly change the rules, allowing him to gain more and more control over his people. New laws preventing rebellious attempts to overthrow his government and the elimination of non-supporters that would possibly dissent, (disagree with his plan)(1), gave Hitler complete control over what happened within the countrys boundaries.(5)He further conditioned the Germans to accept the program for the final solution of the Jews with the constant onslaught of misleading propaganda. Propaganda is the dissemination of ideas and information for the purpose of inducing or intensifying specific attitudes and actions.(4) This misleading information c onditioned the German people to stereotype all Jews as evil and thus most of them became prejudice. This was an effect of what is called the availability effect.(1) That is, they made stereotypical judgements based on the information available to them. Many of the Germans had been raised under the influence of this propaganda and it was all that they knew about the Jews, thus, the only available information with which to make judgements by. Under the umbrella of ethical relativism,(2) these judgements were ethical in relevance to the German culture at this time, and thus, widely accepted by the German people. The German people, especially the soldiers, bonded under what is known as the self-esteem theory of prejudice. Even though being a soldier was what they may have had in common, these men bonded under the belief that they were better than people in other groups, namely the Jews.(1)What is even more frightening is that it was not a well thought out plan, but rather a process with premises to subtly induce men to perform acts that would have ethical consequences that would cause great dissonance or uncomfortableness.(1,5) The soldiers were given information that coerced them into an us vs. them state of mind, the realistic conflict theory. Due to the propaganda that they were bombarded with, they felt that they were competing with the Jews for resources.(1) This may not have been an organized plan, but it was a step b y step journey that led ordinary men from acceptance of the final solution to perpetrators of it. At first, the soldiers accepted the prejudice due to all of the previous theories noted and followed orders to kill. They may not have enjoyed it and not all of them may have complied, but enough did.(4) As soon as they had killed once, cognitive dissonance set in. That is, they had conflicting emotions about murder and following orders.(1) Since they could not change the act that they had committed, they had to change their attitude about the act they committed, thus decreasing the amount of dissonance, or discomfort that they felt due to conflicting feelings. Once they had reached that point, they were on their way to being completely desensitized, and then the committance of murder in the name of their government, culture, and way of life was justifiable. The German people that made up the bystanders in this tragedy may not have been guilty of cold- blooded murder, but they were not innocent either. They were also victims of cultural ethical relativism,(2) believing that if their government thought that this was ethically relative behavior in their culture, then they should comply. In cultural relative behavior, rightness and wrongs vary from place to place, and in this place, this prejudice behavior was considered right. These Germans that did not speak out against the atrocities being committed against the Jews, even if they thought it would be ethically prudent, were also victims of the above theories as well as what is called the bystander effect.(1) The bystander effect is when there is a large group of people and thus the unlikeliness of anyone to help is stronger. This is explained by a theory called the pluralistic ignorance theory.(1) This theory is based on an uncertain situation where the people around them are not reacting to help, thus, they do not see the need to help either. The information that they are receiving from others around them is telling them that it is okay not to interfere, thus they become compliant with what their culture has deemed appropriate behavior, irregardless of what they may be feeling. Black Lives Matter EssayI find myself chastising myself if a stereotypical thought slithers into my consciousness and disseminating the thought to find out why I was thinking that way. Then I go about a reasonable debate within my mind about the pros and cons of the thought and in the end, I realize why the thought was wrong. Once I realize the why, I can then go about working on changing my attitude so that hopefully, someday, I will not be plagued my such thoughts at all. I suppose I am conditioning myself, but it is a positive conditioning. I used to stop myself from thinking bad things about people just because the norm says that it is not nice to do so. I now realize that stopping the thought was not enough. Stopping the thought just pushed it down, it did not dissolve it. It was still in there, lurking around, waiting to rear its ugly head at any moment. I now know that these things must be purged in order to change our attitudes about the world around us if we are going to break free of the vicious cycle of prejudice. I now realize how crippling these things are in everyday life. How many missed opportunities are out there because a stereotypical judgement I made caused me to make the ultimate attribution error about someone or a situation that rendered me immobile, frightened and weak? It is almost as if these stereotypes and prejudices and cognitive dissonance that caused as a result of them are a drug. Once you do it once, you must keep doing it or you feel uncomfortable. We become servants to them and soon they are what our lives revolve around. What a waste of precious thought, time, and energy!I am also realizing, only now, as I write this paper, how many of the negative theories that we have learned about during this class are the result of stereotypes and prejudice. They are the first dominoes in line, they are the foundation, because they are the first dominoes of cognitive dissonance. They start it, and then everyday, we conform like slaves, so that we do not feel uncomfortable. But now, I see a pin dot of light at the end of the tunnel. For if we can eliminate our prejudices, we can topple the immense structure that seems to be devouring our culture, our children, and ultimately, our future. I understand that this is a great task, but I would rather be on a journey of this kind than the one of blindness, confusion and subservience that I have been on. I always knew that I did not want to be this type of person, having been a victim of it as a child, but I never knew quite how to go about changing my attitude. Well, there are no excuses for such behavior now, because now I have the tools. I know I cant change the world or even a single other person, but I can change myself, my outlook on life, my actions and my attitudes. A passage that I read once comes to mind: A single small pebble causes a ripple that will travel the length of the ocean. It may take a lifetime, but it reaches the other side. This reminds me of the rescuers and that one person can make a difference, and I intend to. References1.Aronson, Elliot (1999). The Social Animal, Eighth Edition2.Beauchamp, Tom L.(1991) Philosophical Ethics, An introduction to Moral Philosophy, Second Edition. 3.Block, Gay w/Drucker, Malka (1992) Rescuers: Portraits of Moral Courage4.Browning, Christopher (1992) Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Batallion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. 5.Why the Germans? http://www.holocaust-history.org/short-essays/why-the-germans.shtmlBibliography1.Aronson, Elliot (1999). The Social Animal, Eighth Edition2.Beauchamp, Tom L.(1991) Philosophical Ethics, An introduction to Moral Philosophy, Second Edition. 3.Block, Gay w/Drucker, Malka (1992) Rescuers: Portraits of Moral Courage4.Browning, Christopher (1992) Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Batallion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. 5.Why the Germans? http://www.holocaust-history.org/short-essays/why-the-germans.shtml

Petrichor free essay sample

I love being RANDOM because pancakes are cool Recently, I have always felt the urge to write and write and write and never stop. Despite all my schoolwork and extracurricular and what not, I wanted to unleash my thoughts onto a blank screen, satisfied that I could at least make pictures out of words. Thus, this blog; a theraputic attempt to cope with my insane life and a way to make my writing stop being metaphorical and too formal. Blah! There are two things I do not want to be in my life and thus, in my blog. I do not want to be blatantly wrong. Honestly, who calls moose meesen? (inside joke!) Moose doesn’t sound like meesen anyway. Oh well, there are some people who revel in the prospect of stealing a garden gnome. I do not want any obvious grammatical errors. I value my life and friendship, to state the obvious. We will write a custom essay sample on Petrichor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I have this friend who is such a MASTER of the English language, among other things, that she might get pretty mad over mistakes. Well, not really mad but maybe annoyed. Plus, I think grammar was invented for a reason and it should sound good†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦er well. So, in honor of her, I will yearn to write clearly and conscisely as possible. I do NOT want to sound like Meursault or Meresalt or whatever his name is from the book The Stranger (the only book I hated, detested, and viled not for its plot but for its writing). I for one want to drone out about my emotions about random stuff. Which brings us to the quote written above. I love random stuff; the more random it is, the more I love it. I want to learn more, from Ramsey Theory to Lawsonomy to the Creation-Myth-that-says-we-were-created-seven-minutes-ago to Savonarola’s Bonfire of the Vanities. Sometimes, I experience this state of euphoria, one I could only call being â€Å"drunk† on life and what it has the potential to offer. Especially on rainy days. Once, I was doing my homework in the wee hours of the night and I heard it rain and I felt happy, more happy than I ever felt in my life. I love the rain and the smell it brings, the smell of renewal, the smell of solitude, the smell of petrichor.

Free Essays on Ethan Frome - Symbolism

Symbolism can give additional meaning to a variety of texts. From music to movies to novels, symbolism creates an even deeper meaning than found in a surface reading. The symbolism found within Ethan Frome adds to the inherent meaning of the text to give it an even deeper meaning. Edith Wharton uses the pickle dish, the Oak tree, and the cat as symbols to achieve deeper meaning. The pickle dish is of great significance in the novel. It is used to represent Zeena's virginity. Mattie seamed to know a great deal more about the pickle dish than Ethan did. She had to remind him "It was a wedding present don't you remember? It came all the way from Philadelphia, from Zeena's aunt that married a minister"(70). Ethan never bothered to pay much attention to the pickle dish. When Zeena returned and noticed that the pickle dish was broken she said, "It takes the step-ladder to get at the top shelf, and I put Aunt Philura Maple's pickle-dish up there o' purpose when we was married, and it's neve r been down since, 'cept for the spring cleaning, and then I always lifted it with my own hands, so's 't shouldn't get broke"(100). The symbolism becomes clear when Zeena explains that the only person to touch it is herself and only to clean it. The oak tree is used to symbolize Ethan in the novel. The connection can be seen by comparing the characteristics of each. The Oak tree is seen by the characters in the novel as a solid, unchanging, and immovable object. The same can be said about Ethan. He has always has and probably always will live in Starkfield. According to the narrator, "he was the most striking figure in Starkfield, though he was but the ruin of a man. It was not so much his great height that marked him, for the 'natives' were easily singled out by their lank longitude from the stockier foreign breed: it was the careless powerful look he had, in spite of a lameness checking each step like the jerk of a chain"(11). Although he wasn't dangerous ... Free Essays on Ethan Frome - Symbolism Free Essays on Ethan Frome - Symbolism Symbolism can give additional meaning to a variety of texts. From music to movies to novels, symbolism creates an even deeper meaning than found in a surface reading. The symbolism found within Ethan Frome adds to the inherent meaning of the text to give it an even deeper meaning. Edith Wharton uses the pickle dish, the Oak tree, and the cat as symbols to achieve deeper meaning. The pickle dish is of great significance in the novel. It is used to represent Zeena's virginity. Mattie seamed to know a great deal more about the pickle dish than Ethan did. She had to remind him "It was a wedding present don't you remember? It came all the way from Philadelphia, from Zeena's aunt that married a minister"(70). Ethan never bothered to pay much attention to the pickle dish. When Zeena returned and noticed that the pickle dish was broken she said, "It takes the step-ladder to get at the top shelf, and I put Aunt Philura Maple's pickle-dish up there o' purpose when we was married, and it's neve r been down since, 'cept for the spring cleaning, and then I always lifted it with my own hands, so's 't shouldn't get broke"(100). The symbolism becomes clear when Zeena explains that the only person to touch it is herself and only to clean it. The oak tree is used to symbolize Ethan in the novel. The connection can be seen by comparing the characteristics of each. The Oak tree is seen by the characters in the novel as a solid, unchanging, and immovable object. The same can be said about Ethan. He has always has and probably always will live in Starkfield. According to the narrator, "he was the most striking figure in Starkfield, though he was but the ruin of a man. It was not so much his great height that marked him, for the 'natives' were easily singled out by their lank longitude from the stockier foreign breed: it was the careless powerful look he had, in spite of a lameness checking each step like the jerk of a chain"(11). Although he wasn't dangerous ...

This Case Study Analysis coursework consists in writing an ethical Essay - 1

This Case Study Analysis coursework consists in writing an ethical reasoning and critical argument to identify, discuss and address potential ethical issues for a given computing project - Essay Example y systems have taken different dimensions because not only do the ethical issues arise due to the emergence of technology but also due to the implementation by the users. Moreover, the ethical issues may also involve the role of the developer of the system concerning the objective of the information technology system. The following analysis aims to identify the ethical issues surrounding a class project concerning intellectual property and reliability of the project. The case study for the analysis is based on the student workload tracker project. The student Workload tracker project was developed under the oversight of two administrator and nine project members who contributed towards the development of the project. The student workload tracker project was aimed at developing a computer system that would enhance the scheduling process of student’s assignments in school. In an ordinary learning environment students attempt to struggle balancing assignments, academic studies and social life. Subsequently, this makes the students to be overwhelmed since especially when they lack proper time management skills. Therefore, the student workload tracker project was aimed at developing a time management schedule based on the analysis of students’ routine activities and the normal time spent on completing a specific activity. Consequently, the system would use the data to present a trend based on various analytical tools such as graphs and charts. In addition a user interface would be used to enhance the appearance of the data in order to provide a clear view of the students’ task performance trends. Therefore based on the portrayed trend by the system, the students would be in a position to create a reliable schedule based on sequence of assignments and the anticipated time for completing relevant tasks. The implementation of the Student Workload tracker system was assessed on the basis of functionality and achievement of the deliverables by the group members.

Write your own topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Write your own topic - Essay Example The basic distinction in views lies in identifying whether poverty is to be measured as a relative or absolute concept. On one side there is an unofficial coalition of government agencies, departments and many private sector organizations who posit their common mandate to be alleviating poverty. This group is in essence socialistic in its support for a highly regulated economy where, significant increases in government spending towards social problems are favoured (Goldberg & Pulkingham, 1999). On the other hand, there is the ‘pro-market’ coalition. This group is populated by both government and private sector agencies and institutions which converge towards a primary objective of promoting business in Canada and increasing trade between Canada and other nations. The ‘pro-business’ group supports a much less regulated economy and may be classified as political and fiscal conservatives who favour much less spending by the government on social issues and decreased taxation (Ligaya, 2007). The difference among these groups regarding the notion of poverty and its measurement finds its source in the way poverty is defined and measured by each of these groups. The first group assumes income to be the defining quality and arrives at a set of poverty lines for both individuals and families for different regions. As an example, the poverty line was set to be $33,365 for a family of four persons living in Toronto in 2004. Thus, families with similar characteristics whose pre-tax income was less than the foresaid amount were said to be living in poverty (Pohl, 2002). The second coalition, the ‘pro business’ group, contradicts the first group by describing their measures to be too broad to be pragmatic and thus deducing that, the set poverty lines resulting from the measures are inflated; thereby exaggerating condition of poverty in Canada. This group adopts a definition of poverty which is more restrictive and their means of measuring poverty

You choose it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

You choose it - Essay Example Future cities will be urban nightmares. As seen in the research conducted by KPMG Africa (2013), megacities are extremely unsustainable. This results from the fact that the cities continue to expand and increase in population. On the other hand, the non- human nature is slowly depleted. It is even worse with the thought that no younger cities are growing or economies. This explains an automatic stagnation in the cities that is characterized through the rising poverty levels and a primitive society. Megacities will also become a city of despair going with the fact the rise of cities has become the source of pollution, and other harms to the human body. KPMG Africa (2013) explains how the growth of cities have affected the cities in terms of the pollution from the smoke emitted from different forms, different types of foods have been chemicalized, and even the water for consumption has been polluted. It is worse to see how the human population is struggling to adjust to these changes. Some of the human species struggle to adjust with the changes in globalization (KPMG Africa, 2013; MlrdnTv, 2014). The status of the humans has therefore become extremely complex with them dealing with issues that result from urbanization such as climatic changes, deforestation and even technology. KPMG Africa (2013) continues to explain how the process of urbanization has been linked to high levels of poverty, high unemployment levels and food uncertainties. This trickles down to the access to health opportunities, other basic necessities such as water and sanitation services. This explains that in as much the population in the urban centers may be a working population, they live in terrible conditions. The growth process will then be slowed down since the cities will be extremely impoverished and will not meet the needs of all persons. Nonetheless, megacities can be termed as major sources of opportunity. KPMG Africa (2013)

Defect tracking system

Defect tracking system Introduction:- The system which enables to detect the defect or bugs is known as Defect tracking system. It is also referred as bug tracking system. This system not only detects the bugs but also provides complete information about the detected bugs. The use of bug tracking systems as a tool to manage maintenance activities is extensive in which the systems serve as a central repository for monitoring the progress of bug reports, requesting additional information from reporters, and discussing potential solutions for fixing the bug(Zimmermann et al, 2007). The main advantage of a bug-tracking system is that it provides a clear centralized overview of development requests including bugs and improvements, and their state. During defining the product roadmap, the valuable input is provided by prioritized list of pending. The information provided in bug reports is used by developers to identify the cause of defect and narrow down the reasonable files that need fixing. According to the customer requirements, the developers develop the project. The quality checker identifies the bugs during the testing phase. When n number of bugs is encountered, then tester adds the bug id and information in the database. The quality checker reports to both developer and project manager. For both the developer and project manager, the bug details in the database table are accessible. Many bug-tracking systems like which are used by most open source software projects, allow users to enter bug reports directly, whereas other systems are used only internally in a company or organization doing software development. Usually, bug tracking systems are integrated with other software project management applications. Bud tracking system is essential in software development and they are used widely by companies developing softwar e products. In a corporate environment, a bug-tracking system is used for generating reports on the productivity of programmers at fixing bugs. Sometimes, this yields inaccurate results as different bugs may have different levels of severity and complexity. The severity of a bug is not directly related to the complexity of fixing the bug. According to Bettenburg et al, 2008 A survey conducted amongst developers from the APACHE, ECLIPSE, and MOZILLA projects found out which information items are considered useful to help resolve bugs and found that items such as stack traces, steps to reproduce, observed and expected behavior, test cases, and screenshots ranked high on the list of preferred information by developers. Breu et al (2009) suggest that previous research has shown that reporters often omit these important items and developers are then forced to actively solicit information from reporters and, depending on their responsiveness, this may stall development. This affects the bug fixing mechanism as the bugs take long time to be fixed. This results in the gathering of unresolved bugs in the databases. The main reason for this is that most bug tracking systems today have ended up by just becoming a complex search engine with too big databases of reported bugs but do not help in any way is resolving a bug. Due to this, the work of the developers is more difficult as resolving the bug is limited to the prior experience of the developer which may or may not be sufficient in resolving the bug on his own. Also, the tracking becomes more difficult because of the bugs. The situation may go worse if the developer is working n multiple projects. Since most of the current systems have too many complex interfaces and roles and limited access, tracking and fixing bugs became a difficult job for the developers today. Aims:- The aim of this research is to study the bug and the mechanisms to resolve and its life cycle in which it is determined how the bug arises and its consequences. Research Questions:- What is a bug and how to evaluate the origin of it and its effect on normal flow of software? How to determine the complete life cycle of a bug and its flow from one stage to another? How track all the raised bugs and find a solution to them through automated software tools? What are the different software tools available in the market and the variation among them? Literature Review:- The metric used for verification signoff is referred as Bug tracking. An automated bug tracking tool is required to keep track of various bugs raised and resolved. The bug tracking tools makes it simpler for analyzing the progress using metrics and reports. Best bug tracking tool should be selected in order to fulfill the requirements. Freeware bug tracking tools takes long time to set up, and are not user friendly or supported. Bugzilla bug tracking database, GNATs bug database, Debian bug tracking system are such bug tracking tools. Some special often used features are present in expensive bug tracking tools which are not worth of cost. Bug tracking software cost varies from free to thousands of dollars. Now, bug tracking systems which are web-based and require no installation of client software are available. Whereas old bug tracking systems are client based, requires client server installation and each user needs to install client software. If various users are located at distant places and are connected through internet web based, then bug tracking is the best solution (Leena Singh, Leonard Drucker, Neyaz Khan, 2004). The information recorded by a Bug Tracking System mainly depends on system, organizational necessities and its design. Bug Tracking System allows a defect it is named as priority. But some of the systems support both severity and priority. In this Priority of a defect is frequently based on business reasons and not technical reasons (Karl Eugen Kurbel, 2008). In Bug Tracking system we will keep track of the bugs initiate by our authentication system. We can obtain the Bug Tracking System for free of cost or we can purchase. Bug tracking system shows the feedback mechanism when we have design it and this information will be useful (Peet James, 2004). Bug tracking tools:- There are a number of ways to keep track of software bugs from spreadsheet based schemes or informal email to expensive third party bug tracking software. The best solution for organization depends on the size of the group, level of formality around bug fixing, nature of the software (Nicholas A. Solter, Scott J. Kleper, 2005) Some of the features of bug tracking tools are as follows: Browsers which are being used should be supported by web based bug tracking system. Since mostly free bug systems are Linux based, they do not work well with Windows. Bug tracking system should be robust, lightweight and fast. Should have minimal system requirements and maintenance. Should be easily installed and efficient to use. Should be platform independent and database system independent. File attachment should be supported. Multiple projects and access control should be supported (Leena Singh, Leonard Drucker, Neyaz Khan, 2004) The popular free tool for bug tracking is Bugzilla which is written by the authors of Mozilla web browser. A number of useful features are accumulated by Bugzilla. Some of the features are as follows: Customizable settings for a bug, including its status, priority, associated component and so on. Notifications of new bug reports or changes to an existing report through email. Reporting and searching tools For filling and updating bugs, a web based interface is required. For a professional software development environment, bug tracking tools like Mozilla are becoming vital components. Records of previous bugs and their fixes are provided by bug tracking tools in addition to a central list of currently open bugs. Bugzilla is used by a support engineer to search for a problem similar to one reported by a customer (Nicholas A. Solter, Scott J. Kleper, 2005). Uses of bug tracking:- An effective bug tracking system is important for quick design of complex blocks and systems. A central database which collects all the known bugs and desired enhancements allows the whole team to know the state of the design and prevents designers from debugging the known problems several times. It also makes sure that known problems are not forgotten. Bug rate tracking is another main use for bug tracking. In most projects, a well defined curve is followed by the bug rate reaching peak value early in the integration phase and declining as testing becomes tougher. The most effective testing and debug strategy for any phase of the project can be defined by the current bug rate and position on the curve. When integration begins, then usually formal bug tracking also begins, that is when the work of two or more designers is combined in to a larger block. At all stages of design, some form of bug tracking is required (Pierre Bricaud, 2002). Bug Tracking Software:- When we are reinventing the wheel or starting development of a particular thing Tools should be the used. So many web application development teams use large number of Bug tracking and management systems they are already available. By using these tools we can meet your needs as flexible. In this we are select some tools and they are written in the same language as our application and we are storing their data in the same backend database. By doing this customization and incorporation of our work should be easy (Cal Henderson, 2006). In this we will examine the popular choice and compare the main features they are offering. Commercial Bug Tracking software is very expensive. Spending a lot of money on development tools is not a good idea. Many Bug Tracking Tools are available. They are Fogbugz Bug Tracker Mantis Bug Tracker Request Tracker Bugzilla Fogbugz Bug Tracker:- Fogbugz (http://www.fogcreek.com/fogbugz/) is a Bug tracking and simple project management tool created by Fog Creek software. In this Fogbugz Bug tracking tool there are two versions available for writing, one for windows/Unix/Os X using PHP and another for windows server using Asp. Unix/Os X version stores its data using MYSQL, while windows can store its data in either jet, SQL Server (Cal Henderson, 2006). Pros: It is very simple to use It has good support because it is an actively developed product For our own applications we are using My Sql is the backend for storage it allows easy integration. Cons: Fogbugz is not free software for small teams the costs between $100 and $130 per developer. In this advanced features are deficient. Mantis Bug Tracker:- Mantis Bug Tracker (http://www.mantisbt.org/) is an Open source Bug tracking application. And this is written in PHP and sores its issue data using My Sql by using an experimental support of Postgre SQL. This product is wide and active for user base and active developers. Pros: It is very easy to install. In this Installation script will be simple. In this we are written our application in PHP and that stores its issues by using MYSQL so Integration and modification of our application will be easy. In this we have Active developer community. Cons: In this there are few features not as many features like as Bugzilla or RT (Cal Henderson, 2006) Request Tracker (RT):- Request Tracker (http://www.bestpractical.com/rt/) was created in 1996 by Best practical solutions. In this we are writing the issues in Perl, and stores the issues in either Oracle or Mysql ,PostgresSQL. RT supports more databases. Request Tracker is designed mainly to handle the issues initiate of the users and by using this issues we can easily entered into the system through email and the system acts as log of email conversations between the issue administrator and the user. Pros: For crating issues there is a good Email support. In this we are using so many variety of databases for storage the issues , so it is easy to integrate with our application Cons: In this we are using Email-oriented approach for creating an issues it is well suited for users reporting problems, but not it is good in Bug tracking development issues. In this Interfaces are designed by programmers and they provide huge number of features but it is difficult to implement them. Bugzilla:- In 1998 Bugzilla (http://www.bugzilla.org/) was introduced by the people at the Mozilla foundation. Bugzilla using MYSQL for its storage and write the issues in Perl, and even though PostgreSql is also used for storage. Bugzilla is a highly active developer community and it is established product with lot of features (Cal Henderson, 2006). Pros: It has many features. In this we are using MySql for storage by this linkage will be directly into our application. With dynamic developer base it is well tested (Cal Henderson, 2006). The Life Cycle of a Bug:- Bugs will occur in software both before and after its release in engineering groups. There are number of ways to deal these problems. In this process bug is always filled by member of QA team. In this the development manager gets the notification from the bug reporting software. And in this development manager sets the priority to the bug and assigns the bug to the particular module owner. In this the module owner can accept the bug and give it to the development manager. Once the bug is found its rightful owner and the developer symbols the bug is fixed (Nicholas A. Solter, Scott J. Kleper, 2005). The bug is assigned to the developers by the Development TL and translates that bug into assigned status. The Development Team Leader is responsible for allocating tasks, planning and he has a broad view in all the factors and he is responsible for allocating the resources for Bug fixing. The bug is fixed and the Unit testing is performed on the particular bug. Thus the bug is translated i nto resolved status. Then the original finder tester re-tests the bug fix, to make sure that it is completely fix. The Testing Team Leader translates the bug into concluded status and this takes the bug life cycle to end. After that, it has a successful initial implementation, enhancement tend to turn up into an idle stage (Jyrki Kontio, Reidar Conradi, 2002). Bug Tracking Annoyances:- In Bug Tracking System we are facing so many problems apart from of which system is used. In this section we are discussing some of the annoyances Multiplying Products:- In this we have very simple values for Bugs information. They are a string of text is used to describe to bug or a problem, the name of the person assigned to a bug. In this the field holds only one value at a time, and those things are very simple. In this when one field can have various values at the same time every one becomes more complex. In this we have to possible we are avoiding the fields with multiple values .By avoiding these multiple values for a fields they tend to make writing useful information much harder. We are imagining a Bug Tracking Tool which contains only three fields in its bugs. They are Owner, Description, and Product. In this Owner is a single value field. That means only one person owns a bug at a time. Description is a text string. And the Product is the multi valued fields; it represents special products that are exaggerated by a bug (Matthew B. Doar, 2005). One Bug, Multiple Releases:- A Bug is a group of various Releases that the bug exists in. In this Bug Tracking System it is the simplest way to deal the bug is abscond the information about the affected releases. We are maintaining a Spreadsheet for each and every Release and it is easy to organize with the development team for identifying where the bug is fixed. This approach is tiresome and make flat to error. But it is common on smaller projects. Another approach for handle a bug is to prepare two copies of an original bug and we are changing the value for the release found in each of the two bugs. In this Bug Tracking System each of the copies will have its own unique bug identifier. This approach is very useful we know the bug count for each and every release. And some of the Bug Tracking Systems support duplicating bugs mostly. In this Bug Tracking System disadvantage is information will regularly be added to just one copy and not the others. The main disadvantage is that developers, customers and product managers locate it difficult to maintain which bug is fixed in which release. In some of the Bug Tracking Tools maintain to support adding multiple releases for a bug. But their reports are not robust as might be expected when we are using the multiple release values. Keeping track of Bugs in multiple releases of a product it is hard to automatically and not suit in existing Bug Tracking Tools (Matthew B. Doar, 2005). Severity Inflation:- In this we have fields for many bugs to indicate how severe the bug is. One common series of values goes like this: Severity one means The bug stops the product, and no workaround is possible; Severity two is Workaround is possible and the bug stops the product. In severity three and 4 The bug breaks a minor part of the product and The bug makes impatience. A severity field is often more flat to distortion than for internal use for customers. When we are changing the value of a customers severity field it occurs a problem. If you are increasing the severity, the customer is worried whether the problem is superior issue. When you are decreasing the severity, then we have to minimize our stress. Customizing the Bug Tracking System:- One common customization is changing the state of a bug in order to make them better to fit in the projects presented workflow. The administrator of the system changes the name of the name of the system for each field (Matthew B. Doar, 2005). Research method and research methodology:- The researches that are conducted by the researchers adopted various methodologies above lots of existence which depend basically on their models or examples of thinking (Paradigm) on how they analysis the humanity (Ontology) and the manner they gain the information (epistemology). Basically, for conducting IS researches there are three types of paradigms are present namely: 1) POSITIVIST (the scientific method):- The reasons as a way of considerations for the human actions and the philosophical thoughts of French philosopher August Comte, who emphasized the observations and was based by the positive paradigm of exploring social reality. The intelligence of proper understanding and experience can be obtained by the estimation of the positivism researchers and it is based by the research and observation, this is inside the framework of the supposition and main beliefs of science. Positivist is the existed technique of IS research discovered from the work of Newton, Bacon, and Galileo. This variety of explore advocate quantitative modelling, laboratory experiment and empirical survey are the honourable methods of IS research. There are two crucial assumptions in this process: Our world is normal and controlled not indiscriminate. We can examine it neutrally. The fundamental techniques of this method embrace the following: Reductionism: Breaking down of intricate belongings into less significant pieces for research work. Repeatability: Research troubles/Assumptions are conducted in multiples, frequently by special persons in order to prove the dependability of the consequences. Reputation: In this advance research the results are redundant if the end result of the researchers might not prove the unusual result. It is relatable to point out that positivist researchers who apply other research strategies when the scientific scheme is not squashy preferred results (Oates, 2006, 286). Thus what amalgamate positivist researchers is the shared observation that; The globe exists in competition of humans. Modeling and Measurement. Objectivity: Impartial Observer and Neutral. Quantitative data analysis: The use of arithmetic and statistics in analyzing information. Universal laws: The fact natural history of research and capability to oversimplify. These positivists consider of habitually American IS researchers were contested at a seminar in Manchester in 1994 by the greater part of their European generations, (Avgerou, 2000). They however proposed the use of qualitative methods, such as case study, survey research as equally valid methods of research. Some of their criticism includes: Reduction: It is not always probable to accomplish desired consequences by breaking down the things. For example most commercial organizations required to be premeditated as a complete to achieve the immense picture of effects. Repetition: It is extremely complex to replicate a meticulous research accurately because of definite human changes and or surroundings. Generalization: It is completely prejudiced to oversimplify human being performance/views because people are produced in a different way, special conditions and atmosphere. For example the How thorn distress theory where employers preceded in their own ways at different social locations. Nation too has different views/perceptions regarding the humanity. 2) INTERPRETIVITISM:- By giving meaning to this social authenticity is interpreted and viewed by the personality herself according to ideological situation she posses. For that reason awareness is individually qualified relatively than acquired obligatory from outer surface. Computing and Interpretive research in IS, is distressed with consideration of the social circumstance of an information system: the social procedure through which its developed, construed by the people in the course of which it influences and its influenced by its social setting. (Oates, 2006, pg 292) Interpretive tries to survey, recognize and explains how the entire factors in a particular social settings which are autonomous and correlated to one another which is overlooked stubbornness by negative or appreciative an nearly known result, (e.g. hypothesis-all human beings have special manner of thinking). The plan is to produce an affluent accepting of a reflexively exclusive context and a structured invention of how human agents create good judgment of their superficial earth and how those perceptions modify ultimately and change from group or person to one more. Interpretivists distribute the subsequent characteristics: Multiple subjective realities: No solo report of the fact; differences in individual perceptions/beliefs, environmental power, communal and oddity in positions resolute what public take to be comprehensive or right or wrong, genuine. For example, sex edification would entirely be discarded as bad education, would be taken as a pasture of study in open-minded/societies socialist and gibberish in a severely religious society. Dynamic, socially constructed meaning: Knowledge, authenticity, right or wrong can simply be transmitted and accessed all the way through nevertheless another social medium, e.g. verbal communication. Researcher reflexivity: Researchers figure the research method with their own assumptions, principles, events and values. Trustworthiness: There is no sureness of the researchs authority. Conformability: Results of the research are additionally subjected to review check and the auditor also place himself into the unusual researchers shoe. Dependability: Questions of accurate certification and recording of the research procedure are for all period being asked. Credibility: Ambiguity in the sources of information, precision and explanation Transferability: The individuality scenery of examine subjects and situations rises the problem of transferability. Critical Research:- Jergen Habermas is the central protagonist of this theory who worked at the Frankfort school in Germany to increase an approach of investigation and achievement of social sciences which could express the historical services that limit human autonomy and representation the ideological explanation for those services. Dangerous researchers promote self-determination and broadmindedness in doing research. They coincide with the interpretivist which believes that social actuality is formed by public. Still, they argued that flush in social reality situation, definite services such as widespread economic situations; cultural and political ability tends to manipulate the people perceptions and believes. They disparage the interpretive for weakening to examine the patterns of authority and organize that normalize and legitimize meticulous ways of considering our planet. Critical standards could be viewed as an essential approach of research that goes ahead of interpreting social reality to asking questions/demanding those social realities. E.g. they asked the question why men outnumber women in municipal office. The seek of critical researchers is to spotlight on the power relations, conflicts and contradictions in our present humanity, and help to get rid of them as causes of estrangement and ascendancy. Understandings and Interpretation are presently not enough. Critical research is known for assessment of tradition, unrestraint, non-per formative target- discard research project that are expected at civilizing secretarial effectiveness for elevated productivity and better profit with least input (e.g. condensed labor). They condemn technological determinism mind-set and trust instead of that people and society can outline the technology that we build up. In analysis of the above, it may possibly recognize that there is no single preeminent standard; it all depends on the appropriateness and situation. For this reason the attitude of this research would be interpretive. This is because: The research would be in type of crate study and for the reality that case studies are frequently connected with the standard adopted, (Oates, 2006, pg. 300). The idea of revise is community knowledge (Jack, 2008). The lessons would be conducted in a managerial arrangement which flouting down would threat the full-size photograph. Research Strategies:- Research strategies may perhaps defined as the resources/traditions of getting data/information in research accomplishments. There are mixtures of strategies, however only four would be discussed. Case study: According to Benbasat et al (1987), A case study examines a phenomenon in its normal situations, employing numerous methods of records and collection of grouped information from one or a small number of entities (groups, people, or organizations). Advantages:- Case study is used wherever it is difficult to learn effects in separations (e.g. family of association). Much suitable when researcher has slight or no control over the research topic. Allow the researcher to answer how and why questions Disadvantages:- It is perceived as missing credibility and occasionally leads to simplification more than ever when the subjects are indiscriminately and consistently chosen. It is occasionally complicated to achieve contact to an association or groups or their traditional text and this might direct to impulsive results. Action Research:- According to Rapport (1970), Action research aims to donate mutually to the matter-of-fact concerns of people in an instantaneous challenging condition and to the goals of societal science by united cooperation contained by commonly tolerable principled framework. Action research is comparable to consultancy, where a group is looking for a resolution to an accessible trouble, but requires theoretical validation and unmitigated instance frame. It is added of group effort linking the practitioner and the researcher and change. However, it has a possible ethical dilemma when the practitioner refuses to put into action the research result. Advantages: It concentrates on research that is appropriate to people in genuine earth, bringing about definite improvements in performance, not just models and theories. It brings democratic system in the research course of actions. Disadvantages: It is not appropriate for citizens who are not enthusiastic on the subject of social equality in solving multifaceted, challenging, and changeable actual world situations. E.g. Military. It is easier said than done to persuade prospects and the needs of the people concerned. Ethnography:- Ethnographic research is one that the researcher assimilates the researchs area under discussion. He immerses himself as one of them. The researcher at this point becomes a contestant viewer. (Oates, 2006, 174-176). Advantages: Experience usual localities, draw together for more perfect records and have a complete representation of a scrupulous circumstances or work performance. It is excellent for studies where the issue of concentration is embedded and composite in a social system. Disadvantages: Dangerous, source overriding, and distraction from the definite focus of the research. It is not able-bodied for conventional as strategies used by positivist and it may perhaps redundant by inhabitants by means of systematic state of mind. Grounded Theory:- Grounded theory is a scrupulous come within reach of the qualitative research where the purpose is to achieve field research and then evaluate the facts to observe what theory emerges, so that the theory is stranded in the field data (Oates, 2006, pg 274). Strategy adopted: The strategy for this research endeavor would be case study for the cause that of: The elasticity to make use of numerous research instruments. It is appropriate for researches in society set of connections. Be short of resources and sample time. In spite of the piece of information that all strategies are first-class, although in next of kin to abnormal situations, the researcher feels case study would be further suitable for this picky research since: For Action research- the researcher proposes the subject matter and not been requested to work out the problems. Lack of time and resources is also a restraint. For Ethnography- the theory of research is in a business field and not in open surroundings. Time and resources are also deterrents. For Grounded theory- accurately, I lack in adequate proper understandings and proper knowledge to accomplish it. References:- Leena Singh, Leonard Drucker, Neyaz Khan (2004).Verification process. In Advanced verification techniques: a SystemC based approach for su

Identity and Margaret Atwoods Lady Oracle :: essays papers

Identity and Margaret Atwoods Lady Oracle The relationships we have with different people throughout our lives are strong influences on us all. Our relationships with one another can define who we are, as well as the quality of the lives we lead. Strenuous relationships cause stress and unhappiness, while close, loving relationships are a source of support and comfort. Joan Foster, the main character in Margaret Atwood=s Lady Oracle, is a complex woman who has had more than her share of turbulent relationships during her life. From her childhood and teenage relationship with her mother, to her bond with her husband later in life, Joan=s relationships are rarely free of turmoil and drama. These relationships definitely have an influence on Joan, impacting her as a person. The issue of Joan and her relationships reveals a question: How are Joan=s relationships important to her identity? The first major relationship in Joan=s life is the one with her mother. Joan feels unwanted and unloved by her mother, who treats Joan coldly because of her weight problem. At first, Joan struggles to fit in with her mother=s perfect vision of her and tries to live up to her mother=s expectations. When she fails at this, Joan resents her mother=s unbearable attitude and becomes antagonistic toward her. Joan=s identity then becomes based on the opposite of what her mother expects and wants from her. At this time my mother gave me a clothing allowance, as an incentive to reduce. She thought I should buy clothes that would make me less conspicuous, the dark dresses with tiny polka-dots and vertical stripes favored by designers for the fat. Instead I sought out clothes of a peculiar and offensive hideousness, violently colored, horizontally striped. Some of them I got in maternity shops, others at cut-rate discount stores; I was especially pleased with a red felt skirt, cut in a circle with a black telephone appliqued onto it. The brighter the colors, the more rotund the effect, the more certain I was to buy. I wasn=t going to let myself be diminished, neutralizes, by a navy-blue polka-dot sack (Atwood 84). Joan went out of her way to buy clothes that she knew her mother would hate, and that become part of who she was.

Environmental protection and the social responsibility of firms: perspectives from law, economics, and business Essay

Responsible businessIntroductionResponsible business concerns itself with allowing and ensuring the application of social and moral principles in business decision making. Through the definitions, the following principles of responsible business can be drawn: Business for profit: When people engage in business, they are expecting to receive profit. The first principle of responsible business lies in the fact that it is just and in fact expected to make profit and for such profits to increase as more experience is gained in business. As such in the pursuit for responsible business, profits should not be left behind or side stepped, strategies employed by business managers, and even mechanisms used in the business need to be directed towards generating profits. The reward for doing business properly lies in the excess returns received from investments on the business. Business ethics: the business operates within the concept of society, plays a part in accentuating the lives of the community. Responsible business calls for businesses to be subjected to a code of conduct. Businessmen are not exempted from being moral even as they pursue the profit. As ethics apply to all areas of life, so the same applies in business. Business needs to be done in as much honesty as is possible. If the business environment is to improve then behavior in business also needs to change and improve. Professional ethics: a responsible business is run under corporate codes. As a business continues to change and the environment within which it operates transforms, it is only responsible for such codes to continually change. Therefore, a business is defined as responsible not just within the code of business ethics but also when it operates through the professional code of ethics governing it. While ethics are general in business, professional ethics are specific and designed for that particular business. Business almost seems to operate under no particular ethics, rules and responsibilities. In many cases business persons are only concerned with the monetary value and nothing else. Responsible business on the other hand adheres to a code of conduct, set forth not just by law and moral values but also by the profession and industry within which the business operates, (Sanford 2011). Scholars agree that businesses can no longer operate as independent entities, existing separately by society. They need to uphold and be held responsible by the society. They exist as part of and in partnership with society and can therefore not ignore the societal responsibilities. Drivers of responsible businessThe natural/ ecological environmentResponsibility to the environment consists of the concern for the interaction between human beings and the natural environment as it exists. The responsibility of businesses to the environment developed as a separate factor in responsible business from the 1960’s. At the time, pictures taken from space showed vulnerability in the existence of earth and its ecosystem. Environmentalists began lobbying that animals, plants and the general ecosystem in itself had value in and of itself. As such demands on various businesses to treat these entities responsible began. The general notion of responsibility to the environment is that if businesses continue exploiting and fail to be responsible towards the environment, it will be completely destroyed and in the process the human race will also be destroyed. In the year 2009, the summit on sustainable development, brought focus to the fact that in another 50 years more than 10 billion people will be existing in the world. This is in addition to the problems currently facing the existence of earth such as rescinding existence of energy, excess carbon and a declining ozone layer (Smith 2010). The summit concluded that there is need for a green revolution to improve the status of the environment. The industrial world, at least a large percentage has failed to uphold its own responsibility towards ensuring a change in the strategies about the use of natural resources, and also the technology used to make use and exploit the natural environment. Sustainable development as responsible businessToday’s businesses are expected and in fact it is demanded of them that sustainability becomes a part of their strategy. The government and even the clients coming to business are looking for more and more evidence that the business is acting responsibly in the environment. According to smith (2010), Customers want to live in a pollution free environment, so businesses whether manufacturing or even service providing have to change the way they operate. In order to maintain a clean environment, businesses require operating with technologies that are clean and also sources of clean energy such as solar rather than coal and oil. Sustainability can be simply defined the ability of the environment to replenish itself and remain healthy for the next generations. Surprisingly by opting to use more environmentally friendly and energy efficient technologies, businesses are able to save on their overhead costs. Recycling: this refers to the ability to re-use raw materials over and over again. The advantage of recycling is that it cuts the amount of raw materials required for products and as such allows the environment to replenish itself. Normally businesses produce a lot of waste some which is very difficult to manage such as plastics. Recycling encourages the businesses to come up with processes that make use of their waste. Newton (2005) states that The concern is mainly for ever filling landfill, and therefore responsible businesses calls for either new and better ways to deposit the wastes or better yet new ways to make use of the waste. Landfills are responsible for methane production which is responsible for climate changes and damage to the ozone layer. In many western countries, recycling is not just a business responsibility but in fact a law that could attract stiff penalties. Competitive advantage: in the past, businesses have made use of Ricardo’s principle which simply encourages cost cutting measures such as cheaper raw materials, labor and even investment of capital. The cost effectiveness produces greater profits for the business. However, Gibson (2005) indicates that recent research and benchmarking with large companies such as Coca Cola and General Motors shows sustainability provides greater advantage. Organizations committed to taking advantage of best practices are also gaining a larger market share. New opportunities for product differentiation: product differentiation offers a chance for businesses to excel beyond their competitors even in the same industry. A product based on sustainability is not only considered a product of high quality but also one that is environmentally friendly and therefore more responsible even for the consumer. The market is gradually shifting from traditional products towards more energy efficient, fuel saving and alternative energy products. Testimony of this lies in the recent increase of interest and growth of the market share for products such as solar panels and energy saving bulbs. Zott (2014) shows that Responsible business in this era therefore translates to product differentiation through: †¢Use of raw materials that have been proven to have less damage to the environment †¢Companies that are setting benchmarks in terms of going beyond what is environmentally compliant. †¢Less and less wastage from the business and more recycling of the same. †¢Reduced emission of toxic wastes from the business. As many environmentalists have shown nature in itself shows the best system of sustainability. Plants for example prosper in sunlight and with sufficient moisture. They are consumed by animals and insects. Through this consumption, the animals produce waste which in turn is used to ensure fertile soils on which more plants are grown. In this same way, human beings and especially businesses are tasked with the responsibility of being eco-friendly that is use, produce, consume and transform waste into something else through recycling. Role of the government in responsible businessThe World Bank report in 2003 on sustainability emphasized the need for more structured and responsible governments to ensure sustainability. The governments are tasked with the responsibility of creating better policies and institutions through which businesses small and large alike can be held responsible. In the past, weak governments and poorly maintained social institutions have turned out to be quite costly to nature and the environment. Weak governance has brought about income inequality, political unrests and environmental disasters, (Hay et al 2005). Governments provide the legal framework through which businesses can be held responsible. Constitutions and laws of a country are often used as the back drop to determine the concern and interest of the government in securing its own environment for example. The legal framework provides laws within which every business should operate. The legal frameworks set forth by each country have been changing constantly, becoming more focused to immediate and more tragic causes of environmental degradation. Through the legal framework for example, majority of the mines and timber yards have been closed and shut down for causing damage to the environment. Governments also put in focus environmental conservation so that the activity is not just being carried out haphazardly. They provide a platform for integrating environmental concerns and responsibility into the economic and social development of the country. Through environmental policies also, there is conservation of critical natural resources. Businesses endangering such resources can face severe penalties through these policies. Governments often partner with businesses to ensure sanctuary of forests, animals that are going extinct among others. Businesses often ignore the importance of contributing to the community within which they operate. The governments of such countries ensure that majority of the profits generated from the business go back to the community. The foremost principle for all governments is increased economic growth, poverty eradication and bridging the social class gap. All businesses operating within the country need to uphold this principle. . In addition, according to Moon (2001), the government ensures that even as businesses operate they do not meddle with the rights of the nation’s citizens. The government gives power and strength to citizens who may feel powerless to fight the businesses and especially the large entities. This is not to mean that the government only has responsibility to consumers, it also ensures that businesses operate in an environment which allows them to flourish and therefore generate profits. ConclusionIt is now obvious that companies that are socially responsible and businesses that adhere to a particular code of doing business have better reputations and therefore a larger market share. The bulk of responsibility lies in the business owners ensuring that they have developed moral responsibility as the back bone on which their decision making is based. Managers and employees then have the duty of protecting the welfare of their consumers and other stakeholders which include the communities they operate within. While the main concern for business is an increase in the profit margin, those that have shown an inclination towards more responsible business strategies have attracted not just a large number of consumers but also investors. People are more interested in ensuring the growth and success of a responsible business especially with more and more of the media focusing on errors and embarrassment news featuring businesses that have failed in their responsibility. Businesses are held up to societal standards and failure to uphold them is frowned upon. Whereas there was a time when businesses could attempt to cut corners in their responsibility, today this is not an option. The government and even citizens are aware that companies and businesses operate with certain expectations and values. Employees and other stakeholders require business to be conducted responsibly. Failure to do so encourages massive labor turnouts as employees seek more sustainable businesses. Responsible business therefore cuts into all corners of conducting business from governing the contracts with clients, to those with suppliers and even the community upholding the business. Responsible business is not just a mirage of expected rules and regulations. Indeed it operates within a justice system through which governments obtain and have the power of demanding responsible business. Responsible business is part and parcel of strategic management. Each decision in the business must reflect the true responsibility and code of ethics of the business. In some cases this may require special attention being paid to particular areas of responsibility. Today, companies are going far and beyond what is expected of them in running business because they understand the importance of taking responsibility to ensure their survival. References Gibson, K. (2007).  Ethics and business: an introduction. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Hay, B. L., Stavins, R. N., & Vietor, R. H. K. (2005).  Environmental protection and the social responsibility of firms: perspectives from law, economics, and business. Washington, DC, Resources for the Future Newton, L. H. (2005).  Business ethics and the natural environment. Malden, MA, Blackwell.Sanford, C. (2011).  The responsible business reimagining sustainability and success. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Smith, N. C. (2010).  Global challenges in responsible business. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Zott, L. M. (2014).  The environment. Detroit, Greenhaven Press Source document

Marriage in NISA essays

Marriage in NISA essays Marriage in Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman Marriage is something that is sacred in all cultures. Everyone gets married in some way or another. In American culture, a man marries one woman, and together, they eventually raise a family. In some places, marriages are arranged. There are other places where people marry their cousins and others where men marry more then one woman. All of these types of marriages are discussed in Anthropology: An Applied Perspective. Many different cultures have many different ways to go about marrying and having families. In Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman, Nisa speaks of her many marriages and how they worked out and why they turned out that way. Nisa was married for the first time at a very young age. She had not even menstruated yet. That is the way that it is in her culture. A woman marries an older man when she is very young. Often, the girl is frightened to stay in their new home alone together right away, so a nurse comes and stays with them for a short period of time. Nisas marriage ceremony was very different from a marriage ceremony that we would have here in America. The women wear beads and decorations, like we do, but that is only part of the ceremony. A main part of the marriage is that the husbands family and the wifes family band together and make a marriage hut for the new couple. Here is where the two are supposed to live and sleep together. Very rarely does a young girl actually stay in the hut at night though. Nisa ran back to her parents hut everytime that her husband would fall asleep. Nisa also had many husbands. Which is normal in her culture. Polygamy is also normal. Men are aloud to marry more then one woman, but often it does not work out. Nisa was going to marry a man that had another wife, but it did not feel right to her so she did not do it. The !Kung people call their multiple wives, co-wives. In many instances, the first ...

How to find your first job out of college - TheJobNetwork

How to find your first job out of college  - TheJobNetwork If you’ve recently graduated college then congratulations are in order- you’ve reached a significant life milestone and should be proud of your accomplishment! That said, just because you’ve achieved this goal doesn’t mean your work is done. For many people, graduating from college is the starting point for the next big life challenge- the job and career journey. Unless you’re lucky enough to not have to work (or get rich quick by inventing something amazingly innovative and are able to retire early to some sunny and tropical beach), most of our professional journeys span several decades and are a major part of our overall life satisfaction.Therefore, it’s worth your time and effort to take your first job out of college seriously; often, your first job after graduation can set the tone, pace, and trajectory for your climb up the career ladder- so plan carefully.Today’s job market is no easy environment. On top of intense competition (b oth from other new graduates and seasoned work veterans) across most industries and sectors, economic uncertainty, increasing globalization, and rapidly changing technological innovation that’s revolutionizing the staffing needs of companies means that recent graduates face significant challenges when seeking their first jobs.Yes, unless you’re incredibly lucky or well-connected, chances are you’ll face some challenges as you hunt for your first job out of college- but don’t despair! The truth is, those who work hard and dedicate themselves fully to their job-search efforts have the best chance of landing their target jobs and beginning their career journeys on the right foot, while those who take a more casual or lackadaisical approach will likely face a bigger struggle.Which approach are you going to take?If you’re fresh out of college or soon will be, consider utilizing the following strategies for locking down your first job and moving forward on your path to professional success.Determine your target fieldIn order to conduct an effective job hunt you need a clearly defined target- the industry, field, or sector that you’d like to work in. Consider this your â€Å"starting point,† the direction you’d like to move towards and where you’d like to devote your professional energy and efforts.Use your college experience as a guide- what is your degree in? Did you have any internships or extracurricular or volunteer experiences that can help inform your choice? Are there trusted mentors or family members who can help you figure out a potential career fit for you?Use the research tools at your disposal to get a closer look and a better perspective of the fields that seem attractive to you. For example, many industries have professional associations that maintain an active online presence, including websites with loads of helpful job and career information. Your college’s career office may also have additional resources and may even hold special events like job fairs and info sessions to help you get started. Also, keep an eye and ear out for professional networking events in your town or city. Use your experience, interests, passions, research, and the trusted advice of others to take this crucial first step and determine the target field that feels right to you.Determine your goal positionOnce you have a target field in your sights, focus on a position that you’d like to pursue. Be realistic- you may want to start at the top (and stay there), but very few folks get CEO jobs straight out of college. You’re more than likely going to have to pay your dues while you learn the industry, so focus on assistant-level or junior-level positions to start. Look at people whose career trajectories mirror your aspirations and see how they started their first jobs in the field. See if your background, education, and experiences have prepared you for realistically pursuing your goal position. If so, then go for it!Prepare yourselfOnce you know the position and field you’re aiming for, use the job search tools at your disposal- everything from online job sites to resources at your college, professional connections in your network, and job events in your town- to find suitable open positions. Research companies in your target industry and see if their official websites have career pages that list available job openings. Then prepare yourself for what will hopefully be a steady stream of potential opportunities. Make sure your cover letters and resumes are professional, polished, and perfectly targeted for the jobs you’re going after. Make sure your interview skills are razor sharp (remember, practice makes perfect). Having the desire to get a new job is great, but it won’t help you leap ahead of the competition. You’ll need a complete pitch-perfect package if you’re going to make your goal a reality.Don’t let f ailure stop youA key component of a successful job hunt is patience and determination. Very few of us land a job after just one interview- or even after a few attempts. The truth is, a job hunt is more like a waiting game, with plenty of rejection and disappointment along the way. Don’t let this discourage or deter you in your quest to land your first job out of college- stay focused and determined, learn from what you did right and wrong, and be confident that each attempt will be better than the last as you move closer and closer towards success.

Comparisson of Film and aa Case of Racism Research Paper

Comparisson of Film and aa Case of Racism - Research Paper Example First, the plot of the film is discussed, which is necessary to develop a basic understanding of the backdrop of time and place of the story. This is followed by a discussion on the historical context of the film. Next, an analysis section has been incorporated to assess the effects of the film. Finally, the thesis concludes by justifying the opinion that the historical context of â€Å"The Color Purple† is related to settler racism. The Plot The film â€Å"The Color Purple† has been directed by Steven Spielberg. It is a film under the category of period drama. It is based on the famous novel having the same name written by Alice Walker. The background of the film is set in Georgia (Southern United States). The events of the story take place from 1880s to mid 1930s. The story is mainly centered on a black woman, Celie, who faces incest by her father in her own family. In an environment of isolation and poverty, she is deprived of education and does not know about her le gal rights. She constantly receives rude behavior and is beaten by her father. The same story continues even after she gets married to a widower, named Albert. For a short time, her sister Nettie comes to live with her and her husband. Nettie and Celie spend some good time together, but Nettie had to leave because of Albert’s sexual interest in her. Following several ups and downs, other black women like Shug and Sofia are also introduced in Celie’s life. These women give Celie confidence and help her to face the tortures of her husband. However, Celie develops homosexual relationships with Shug. Sofia, on the other hand, was victimized by circumstances and exploitation. She is beaten up, jailed, and tortured. The story advances through many other events, which exhibit the socio-economic situation of black people together with the plight of Celie. However, the film ends at the reunion of Celie and Nettie, and their children. Albert also changes from a harsh, abusive ma n to a kind and understanding person at the end of the film. Historical Context Prior to the Civil War of America, the black population in the country was subjected to direct slavery and they lived in sub-human conditions. In the middle of nineteenth century, Abraham Lincoln changed the situation significantly. However, political and constitutional changes took time to become socially effective in real sense and this was discernable in the 1880s too. The timeline covered in the film starts at this crucial point. Discrimination towards the black people, economic deprivation, and continued frustration might explain the intolerant and cruel attitude of the black males towards the women in the community at this stage. Socio-economic discrimination and deprivation might adversely affect the socio-sexual behavior of the black males, leading to incest, rape, and sexism. The fight for civil liberties had not begun at that time, and nobody like Martin Luther King had appeared in the scene. T he domestic violence faced by Celie, a black woman, is actually an internal manifestation of the settler racism faced by the black community itself. Notably, when black women faced torture and incest, their white neighbors did not come to rescue them. They did not arrange for economic parity and education †¦ neither for the black men nor the black women. The treatment

Corporate Tax Policy between USA and Ireland Article

Corporate Tax Policy between USA and Ireland - Article Example The policies also vary from country to country, as they are formed to suite the existing environment. Therefore, this manuscript will compare the tax policies of USA and Ireland using the opinions of various scholars. In the article by Sinn, the author suggests that corporate tax policy in Ireland is more effective in creating jobs and tax revenue than United States. He mentions Ireland as one of the European nations that have improved their corporate tax collection through alterations in the Irish tax Code. The author further explains the different techniques applied by most European countries in corporate tax collection to generate revenue and create more jobs. For instance, the use of proportional taxes called ‘flat taxes’ are utilized to attract foreign investors. In addition, the earnings retained in the corporate sector are not taxed while those on distributions are. The article continues to applaud the corporate tax policy system of Ireland as a source of tax reve nue with a potential of creating numerous job opportunities than the US. In other words, Sinn maintains that with increased foreign investment because of friendly taxation policies, revenue is increased which in turn generates jobs (Steinmo, 1989). The author also proposes two defensive mechanisms that can help in tax collection including the corporate tax especially in European countries. For instance, Sinn talks about tax harmonization such as that of indirect taxes to the import country and de-taxation of the income earned through corporate profits. This, he argues will boost the revenue collection in Ireland, which is transformed into job opportunities across the country. It is also significant to note the observation by the author concerning tax harmonization in the corporate world and other sectors of the economy in return for an increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Sven Steinmo, on the other hand, explains the advancement of taxation policy especially in developed countr ies such as the United States and those from Europe. The author continues to explain the development of the theory of historical institutionalism in relation to the taxation policy. This is in the form of the connection of taxation policy with ideas, policy outcomes and interests. Sven proceeds to analyze the history of current taxation techniques. In this analysis, he explains the reason of how the issue of ‘good’ tax policy arose because of capitalism. In other words, the Sven reveals that many nations discovered several areas of generating revenue through utilization of fresh ideas. As a result, the government jumped in the advancement of the economy because of the new revenue resources such as corporate organizations and other sectors. The writer explains that this was not possible during the old days hence such a move attracted many policy makers and other stakeholders. Sven further analyses the politics involved in the tax policy system of the United States especi ally during the 1980s. This article puts emphasis on the Tax Reform Act that swept America in 1986 (TRA ’86). The author describes how the influence of this historic Act under the presidency of Ronald Reagan influenced other states around the world in the implantation of their tax reforms. Such tax reforms led to improved corporate tax policy systems in Europe especially in Ireland. This helped generate revenue and create job opportunities for their citizens. The author further points that, the integration of corporate taxes, and progressive income had several influences on the proceeding taxation developments. This led to the transformation of many nations into modern states because of increased